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Aim: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that plays an important role in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). Oral diseases were more common in diabetics than in non-diabetics. The aim of this review is to identify IL-10 levels in diabetic patients with and without oral diseases. Methods: A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. Three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct) were used to search for articles up to November 2023 for studies on the measurement of IL-10 in diabetics with and without oral disease. The criteria were limited to human studies and full-text in English only. The outcome was the value of IL-10. The study was quality-graded using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS). Results: There were eleven articles that met the eligibility criteria for analysis. Four articles discovered higher IL-10 levels, while seven articles discovered lower IL-10 levels in diabetes patients with oral diseases compared with each control group. Conclusion: Most studies showed lower IL-10 levels in diabetic patients with oral diseases compared with the control group.
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Introduction: Psoriasis is a complex autoimmune disease associated with chronic systemic keratinization and inflammation, which can affect the skin, joints, and oral cavity. Xerostomia is a subjective feeling of oral dryness that impairs patient comfort and lowers the quality of life. The aim of this case report is to describe the clinical mechanism of xerostomia in a psoriasis patient with multiple systemic diseases. Case Report: A 51-year-old inpatient man with psoriasis vulgaris was referred to the Oral Medicine Department with complaints of difficulty swallowing due to a sore throat and dry tongue since last week. The patient had psoriasis vulgaris 15 years ago, chronic adrenal insufficiency, psoriatic arthritis, acute circulatory collapse, anemia of inflammation, acute kidney injury, dehydration, gastritis, urinary tract infections, and malnutrition. A complete anamnesis and oral examination were done. The patient was diagnosed with severe xerostomia, a fissured tongue, exfoliative cheilitis, angular cheilitis, and gingivitis by the Oral Medicine Department. Case Management: The patient was treated with petroleum jelly, chlorine dioxide mouthwash, miconazole cream, and benzydamine HCl lozenges. Conclusion: Based on case reports and reviews, multiple systemic diseases may not only increase the risk of xerostomia but also aggravate its severity.
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Introduction: Oral candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), impacting their quality of life. This report aims to emphasize the importance of clinical assessment and management of HIV/AIDS patients with oral candidiasis to improve their quality of life. Case: Five male patients, aged between 32 and 71 years, came to the HIV clinic and complained of white plaques in their mouths and painful swallowing. The World Health Organization's (WHO) clinical staging of all patients was 4. Three patients had not yet received antiretroviral therapy (ART), and their total lymphocyte counts (TLC) of <1.170 cells/mm3. Two patients had dropped out of ART with CD4 counts were <40 cells/mm3. The body mass index of two patients was underweight, while the others were normal. The oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S) of the patients was fair to poor. The quality of life assessment using the oral health impact profile 14 (OHIP-14) questionnaires before therapy showed values from 6-20. Clinical examination defined the diagnosis as oral candidiasis, exfoliative cheilitis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and a cytomegalovirus-related ulcer. Case Management: The patients were treated with fluconazole, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, 2% miconazole cream, diphenhydramine, and multivitamins. The oral lesions were improved within 14 days to a month of treatment, and OHIP-14 scores were significantly reduced (0-3). Conclusion: Clinical assessment is important in managing HIV/AIDS patients with oral candidiasis, which improves the patient's quality of life. Therefore, routine clinical assessment and management of HIV/AIDS patients are strongly recommended.
RESUMO
Introduction: Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of GT in the population ranges from 1% to 3%, and its symptoms can cause discomfort to patients. Spicy foods are popular among Indonesians. Chili is one such food that can cause allergies and trigger GT. Objective: This report highlights the significance of identifying the risk factors associated with symptomatic GT. Case: A 19-year-old female patient complained of a rough and sore dorsal tongue for a year, particularly after consuming spicy food. Extra-oral examination revealed dry lips. Intra-oral examination showed red patches with white borders on the dorsal tongue. A complete blood count and allergy test were performed. The eosinophil count was 4%, the total IgE level was 698 IU/mL, and the skin prick test for chili was positive. The diagnosis of chili-induced GT was made. Case Management: The patient was advised to avoid chilies, and benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash was administered. One week after treatment, clinical improvement was observed. Severity decreased on the Geographic Tongue Area and Severity Index (GTASI) from 12 (moderate) to 0.4 (mild). Pain decreased from 6 to 0 on the numerical rating scale (NRS). Conclusion: Management of symptomatic GT includes the avoidance of allergens such as chilies and appropriate pharmacological therapy. The identification of risk factors is required for effective management.
